Критика Томаса Куна Эрнстом Майром
Ключевые слова:
Эрнст Майр, Томас Кун, история эволюционной теории, Дарвинизм, альтернативные эволюционные теории, философия биологии
Аннотация
В начале 1960-х гг. американский философ Томас Кун, с его гипотезой парадигмальных сдвигов, стал одной из причин так называемого «кризиса рациональности». Он бросил вызов позитивисткой концепции кумулятивного и непрерывного научного прогресса. Согласно Куну, отношения между двумя научными традициями, разделенными научной революцией, характеризуется понятием «несоизмеримость», именно оно и ограничило возможность интерпретации науки как стабильно прогрессирующего, кумулятивного предприятия. Философия Куна была подвергнута жесткой критике немецко-американским биологом Эрнстом Майром как неприменимая к истории биологии. Майр, будучи одним из самых выдающихся биологов ХХ столетия и «архитектором» Современного Синтеза (современного дарвинизма), был также автором многочисленных трудов по истории и философии биологии и считал, что прогресс в теоретической биологии невозможен без соответствующей философии науки. Будучи убежденным
в прогрессивном развитии дарвинизма, Майр указывал на то, что концепция Куна не отражает концептуальных сдвигов в истории эволюционной биологии.
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Литература
Darwin C. (1872) On the Origin of Species, 6th edn. London: John Murray.
Gayon J., Hunemann P. (2019) The Modern Synthesis: Theoretical or Institutional Event? Journal of the History of Biology (2019) 52:519–535.
Bowler P.J. (1983) The Eclipse of Darwinism. Baltimore, MD and London: John Hopkins University Press.
Bowler P.J. (1988) The non-Darwinian revolution. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Bowler P.J. (2005) Revisiting the eclipse of Darwinism. Journal of the History of Biology. 38:19-32.
Delisle R (2017) Introduction: Darwinism or a Kaleidoscope of Research Programs and Ideas? In: Delisle R (ed) The Darwinian tradition in context: research programs in evolutionary biology. Cham: Springer, pp. 1–8.
Delisle R (2021) Introduction. In: Delisle R (ed) Natural Selection Revisiting its Explanatory Role in Evolutionary Biology. Cham: Springer, pp. 1-11.
Fabregas-Tejeda, A. and Vergara-Silva, F. (2018), The Emerging Structure of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: Where Does Evo‑Devo Fit In? Theory in Biosciences, vol. 137, pp. 169–184.
Ghiselin M. (1969) The Triumph of the Darwinian Method. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Junker, T. & U. Hossfeld (2015a) Ernst Mayr – biolog, filozof a historik. Vesmir 84: 287-288.
Junker, T. & U. Hossfeld (2015b) Nachrufe - Ernst Mayr (1904-2005). Anzeiger des Vereins Thüringer Ornithologen 5: 241-246.
Junker, T. & U. Hossfeld (2015c): Zum 10. Todestag. Ernst Mayr (1904-2005) und das Primat der Biologie. Biologie in unserer Zeit 45 (2): 80-84.
Junker, T.; U. Hossfeld & G. S. Levit (2006): Ernst Mayr (1904-2005): In memoriam. Zhurnal Obschej Biologii 67 (2): 139-144.
Junker, Thomas. „Factors Shaping Ernst Mayr’s Concepts in the History of Biology,“ Journal of the History of Biology 29 (1996): 29-77.Haffer, Jürgen (2008): Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy. The Life and Science of Ernst Mayr 1904-20005. Springer: Heidelberg.
Hacking I. (1983) Representing and Intervening. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Haffer J. (2008) Ornithology, Evolution and Philosophy: The Life and Science of Ernst Mayr 1904-2005. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Hoyningen-Huene P. (2005) Three Biographies: Kuhn, Feyerabend and Incommensurability. In: Harris RA (ed.) Rhetoric and Incommensurability. West Lafayette, Indiana: Parlor Press.
Kolchinsky E.I. (2002) Neo-Catastrophism and Selectionism: Perpetual Dilemma or a possible synthesis? St. Petersburg: Nauka [in Russian]
Kolchinsky E.I. (2006) Ernst Mayr and Modern Evolutionary Synthesis. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press. [in Russian]
Kolchinsky E.I. (2015) Evolutionary theory’s unity in the 20th century divided world. Saint-Petersburg: Nestor-Historia. [in Russian]
Kuhn T. (1996) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Kutschera U., Niklas K. (2004) The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis. Naturwissenschaften, 91:255–276.
Levit G.S., Meister K. (2006) The History of Essentialism vs. Ernst Mayr's "Essentialism Story": A Case Study of German Idealistic Morphology. Theory in Biosciences, 124(3-4): 281-307.
Levit G.S., Meister K., Hossfeld U. (2008) Alternative Evolutionary Theories from the Historical Perspective. Journal of Bioeconomics, 10(1): 71-96.
Levit GS, Hossfeld U (2019) Ernst Haeckel in the History of Biology. Current Biology, 29(24): R1272–R1280.
Levit G.S., Hossfeld U. (2013) A bridge-builder: Wolf-Ernst Reif’s historical studies and the difficult fortune of Darwinism in German paleontology. Historical Biology, 25(2):297–306.
Levit G.S., Hossfeld U. (2011) Darwin without borders? Looking at "generalized Darwinism" through the prism of the "hourglass model". Theory in Biosciences 130:299–312.
Levit G.S, Olsson L., Hossfeld U. (2014) The Darwinian Revolution in Germany: From Evolutionary Morphology to the Modern Synthesis. Endeavour 38(3-4): 268-278.
Levit G.S., Hossfeld U. (2021) Evolutionary theories and the philosophy of science. Vestnik of the Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 37(2): 229-246.
Lewin R. (1882) Biology is Not Postage Stamp Collecting (Interview with Ernst Mayr). Science, 216(14): 718-720.
Lovejoy A.O. (1936) The Great Chain of Being. A Study of the History of an Idea. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1942) Systematics and the Origin of Species. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1972) The nature of the Darwinian Revolution. Science, 176(4038):981-989.
Mayr E. (1980) The Evolutionary Synthesis. Edited by Ernst Mayr and William Provine. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (paperback edition, 2001).
Mayr E. (1982) The Growth of Biological Thought. Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Cambridge, Mass. and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1988) Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1990) The Myth of the non-Darwinian revolution. Biology and Philosophy, 5: 85-92.
Mayr E. (1991a) One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1991b) Principles of Systematic Zoology. Revised edition. New York: McGraw-Hill (with Peter Ashlock).
Mayr E. (1994) The advance of science and scientific revolution. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 30: 328-334.
Mayr E. (1997) Evolution and the Diversity of Life. Cambridge, London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1997a) Was ist eigentlich die Philosophie der Biologie. In: Berichte und Abhandlungen /Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (vormals Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften), 5:287-301.
Mayr E. (1997b) This is Biology: The Science of the Living World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Mayr E (1997c) The objects of selection. PNAS 94:2091–2094.
Mayr E (1999) Thoughts on the evolutionary synthesis in Germany. In: Junker T, Engels E-M (eds.) Die Entstehung der Synthetischen Theorie: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Evolutionsbiologie in Deutschland. Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung, Berlin, 19–30.
Mayr, E. (2001) The Philosophical Foundations of Darwinism. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 145 (4): 488-495.
Mayr E. (2004) What makes biology unique? Considerations on the autonomy of a scientific discipline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meulendijks M. (2021) Eclipsing the Eclipse? A Neo‑Darwinian Historiography Revisited. Journal of the History of Biology, 54:403–443.
Noble, D. (2015), Evolution Beyond Neo-Darwinism, Journal of Experimental Biology, 218: 7–13.
Reif W.E., Junker T., Hossfeld U. (2000) The synthetic theory of evolution: general problems and the German contribution to the synthesis. Theory Biosci.,119: 41-9.
Romanes G.J. (1895) Darwin and after Darwin: post-Darwinian questions: Heredity and utility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, The Open Court Publishing Company.
Winsor M.P. (2006) The Creation of the Essentialism Story: An Exercise in Metahistory. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 28(2): 149-174.
Gayon J., Hunemann P. (2019) The Modern Synthesis: Theoretical or Institutional Event? Journal of the History of Biology (2019) 52:519–535.
Bowler P.J. (1983) The Eclipse of Darwinism. Baltimore, MD and London: John Hopkins University Press.
Bowler P.J. (1988) The non-Darwinian revolution. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Bowler P.J. (2005) Revisiting the eclipse of Darwinism. Journal of the History of Biology. 38:19-32.
Delisle R (2017) Introduction: Darwinism or a Kaleidoscope of Research Programs and Ideas? In: Delisle R (ed) The Darwinian tradition in context: research programs in evolutionary biology. Cham: Springer, pp. 1–8.
Delisle R (2021) Introduction. In: Delisle R (ed) Natural Selection Revisiting its Explanatory Role in Evolutionary Biology. Cham: Springer, pp. 1-11.
Fabregas-Tejeda, A. and Vergara-Silva, F. (2018), The Emerging Structure of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: Where Does Evo‑Devo Fit In? Theory in Biosciences, vol. 137, pp. 169–184.
Ghiselin M. (1969) The Triumph of the Darwinian Method. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Junker, T. & U. Hossfeld (2015a) Ernst Mayr – biolog, filozof a historik. Vesmir 84: 287-288.
Junker, T. & U. Hossfeld (2015b) Nachrufe - Ernst Mayr (1904-2005). Anzeiger des Vereins Thüringer Ornithologen 5: 241-246.
Junker, T. & U. Hossfeld (2015c): Zum 10. Todestag. Ernst Mayr (1904-2005) und das Primat der Biologie. Biologie in unserer Zeit 45 (2): 80-84.
Junker, T.; U. Hossfeld & G. S. Levit (2006): Ernst Mayr (1904-2005): In memoriam. Zhurnal Obschej Biologii 67 (2): 139-144.
Junker, Thomas. „Factors Shaping Ernst Mayr’s Concepts in the History of Biology,“ Journal of the History of Biology 29 (1996): 29-77.Haffer, Jürgen (2008): Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy. The Life and Science of Ernst Mayr 1904-20005. Springer: Heidelberg.
Hacking I. (1983) Representing and Intervening. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Haffer J. (2008) Ornithology, Evolution and Philosophy: The Life and Science of Ernst Mayr 1904-2005. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Hoyningen-Huene P. (2005) Three Biographies: Kuhn, Feyerabend and Incommensurability. In: Harris RA (ed.) Rhetoric and Incommensurability. West Lafayette, Indiana: Parlor Press.
Kolchinsky E.I. (2002) Neo-Catastrophism and Selectionism: Perpetual Dilemma or a possible synthesis? St. Petersburg: Nauka [in Russian]
Kolchinsky E.I. (2006) Ernst Mayr and Modern Evolutionary Synthesis. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press. [in Russian]
Kolchinsky E.I. (2015) Evolutionary theory’s unity in the 20th century divided world. Saint-Petersburg: Nestor-Historia. [in Russian]
Kuhn T. (1996) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Kutschera U., Niklas K. (2004) The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis. Naturwissenschaften, 91:255–276.
Levit G.S., Meister K. (2006) The History of Essentialism vs. Ernst Mayr's "Essentialism Story": A Case Study of German Idealistic Morphology. Theory in Biosciences, 124(3-4): 281-307.
Levit G.S., Meister K., Hossfeld U. (2008) Alternative Evolutionary Theories from the Historical Perspective. Journal of Bioeconomics, 10(1): 71-96.
Levit GS, Hossfeld U (2019) Ernst Haeckel in the History of Biology. Current Biology, 29(24): R1272–R1280.
Levit G.S., Hossfeld U. (2013) A bridge-builder: Wolf-Ernst Reif’s historical studies and the difficult fortune of Darwinism in German paleontology. Historical Biology, 25(2):297–306.
Levit G.S., Hossfeld U. (2011) Darwin without borders? Looking at "generalized Darwinism" through the prism of the "hourglass model". Theory in Biosciences 130:299–312.
Levit G.S, Olsson L., Hossfeld U. (2014) The Darwinian Revolution in Germany: From Evolutionary Morphology to the Modern Synthesis. Endeavour 38(3-4): 268-278.
Levit G.S., Hossfeld U. (2021) Evolutionary theories and the philosophy of science. Vestnik of the Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 37(2): 229-246.
Lewin R. (1882) Biology is Not Postage Stamp Collecting (Interview with Ernst Mayr). Science, 216(14): 718-720.
Lovejoy A.O. (1936) The Great Chain of Being. A Study of the History of an Idea. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1942) Systematics and the Origin of Species. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1972) The nature of the Darwinian Revolution. Science, 176(4038):981-989.
Mayr E. (1980) The Evolutionary Synthesis. Edited by Ernst Mayr and William Provine. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (paperback edition, 2001).
Mayr E. (1982) The Growth of Biological Thought. Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Cambridge, Mass. and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1988) Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1990) The Myth of the non-Darwinian revolution. Biology and Philosophy, 5: 85-92.
Mayr E. (1991a) One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1991b) Principles of Systematic Zoology. Revised edition. New York: McGraw-Hill (with Peter Ashlock).
Mayr E. (1994) The advance of science and scientific revolution. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 30: 328-334.
Mayr E. (1997) Evolution and the Diversity of Life. Cambridge, London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Mayr E. (1997a) Was ist eigentlich die Philosophie der Biologie. In: Berichte und Abhandlungen /Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (vormals Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften), 5:287-301.
Mayr E. (1997b) This is Biology: The Science of the Living World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Mayr E (1997c) The objects of selection. PNAS 94:2091–2094.
Mayr E (1999) Thoughts on the evolutionary synthesis in Germany. In: Junker T, Engels E-M (eds.) Die Entstehung der Synthetischen Theorie: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Evolutionsbiologie in Deutschland. Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung, Berlin, 19–30.
Mayr, E. (2001) The Philosophical Foundations of Darwinism. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 145 (4): 488-495.
Mayr E. (2004) What makes biology unique? Considerations on the autonomy of a scientific discipline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Meulendijks M. (2021) Eclipsing the Eclipse? A Neo‑Darwinian Historiography Revisited. Journal of the History of Biology, 54:403–443.
Noble, D. (2015), Evolution Beyond Neo-Darwinism, Journal of Experimental Biology, 218: 7–13.
Reif W.E., Junker T., Hossfeld U. (2000) The synthetic theory of evolution: general problems and the German contribution to the synthesis. Theory Biosci.,119: 41-9.
Romanes G.J. (1895) Darwin and after Darwin: post-Darwinian questions: Heredity and utility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, The Open Court Publishing Company.
Winsor M.P. (2006) The Creation of the Essentialism Story: An Exercise in Metahistory. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 28(2): 149-174.
Опубликован
2023-05-03
Как цитировать
Левит Г., Хоссфельд У. Критика Томаса Куна Эрнстом Майром // Эпистемология и философия науки. 2023. Т. 59. № 4. С. 163-180.
Раздел
Interdisciplinary Studies
