Знание как общественное благо и сознание как товар
Ключевые слова:
патентованное знание, общее знание, патентование, монополии знания, социальное неравенство
Аннотация
Автор стремится пролить свет на проблему статуса публичного знания, в частности научного и технологического знания. С этой целью он рассматривает тезис о том, что добавочное (новое) знание редко обнаруживается в публичной сфере. Новое знание создается, в основном, научным сообществом в рамках научных исследований, а вне науки оно обычно рассматривается как товар. Ограничения в распространении нового знания
могут иметь различные основания. Автор рассматривает текущие правовые ограничения – а именно современное патентное право. В статье также выявляются некоторые сложности, связанные с те- зисом о науке как общественном благе. Статья завершается рядом замечаний относительно связи между владением знанием и социальной несправедливостью.
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Литература
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Hess, C. and Ostrom, E. Understanding Knowledge as a Commons: From Theory to Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007, 328 pp.
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Stiglitz, J.E. “The Theory of International Public Goods and the Architecture of International Organizations”, United Nations Background Paper No. 7. New York: United Nations, 1995.
Storper, M.“Institutions of the Knowledge-based Economy,” in: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (ed.), Employment and Growth in the Knowledge-Based Economy. Paris: OECD, 1996, pp. 255‒283.
Valenza, R. “The Economies of Knowledge”, in: Valenza, R. Literature, Language, and the Rise of the Intellectual Disciplines in Britain, 1680‒1820. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 1‒36.
World Bank. World Development Report 1991. The Challenge of Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Bates, B.J. “Information as an Economic Good: Sources of Individual and Social Value”, in: Mosco, V. and Wasko, J. (eds.), The Political Economy of Information. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988, pp. 76‒94.
Callon, M. “The Dynamics of Techno-economic Networks”, in: R. Coombs, P. Saviotti and V. Walsh (eds.), Technological Change and Company Strategies. London: Academic Press, 1992, pp. 132‒161.
Dosi, G. “The Contribution of Economic Theory to the Understanding of a Knowledge-based Economy”, in: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (ed.), Employment and Growth in the Knowledge-Based Economy. Paris: OECD. 1996, pp. 81‒92.
Drahos, P. “The Regulation of Public Goods”, Journal of International Economic Law, 2004, vol. 7, pp. 321‒339.
Drahos, P. and Braithwaite, J. Information Feudalism. Who Owns the Knowledge Economy? London: Earthscan, 2002, 253 pp.
Freeman, C. “Networks of Innovators: A Synthesis of Research Issues”, Research Policy, 1991, vol. 20, pp. 499‒514.
Geroski, P. “Markets for Technology: Knowledge, Innovation and Appropriability”, in: Stoneman, P. (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995, pp. 90‒131.
Hardin, G. “The Tragedy of the Commons”, Science, 1968, vol. 162, pp. 1243‒1248.
Claude, H. and Stiglitz, J.E. “Intellectual Property, Dissemination of Innovation, and Sustainable Development”, Global Policy, 2010, vol. 1, pp. 237‒251.
Hess, C. and Ostrom, E. Understanding Knowledge as a Commons: From Theory to Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007, 328 pp.
Hume, D. A Treatise of Human Nature. Garden City, NJ: Dolphin Books, 1961.
Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. and Stern, M. “Introduction”, in: Global Public Goods. International Co-operation in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. xix–xxxviii.
Lyotard, J.-F. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979, 144 pp.
Madison, M.J., Frischmann. B.M. and Strandburg, K.J. “Constructing Commons in the Cultural Environment”, Cornell Law Review, 2010, vol. 95, pp. 657‒709.
Maskus, K.E. and Reichman, J.H. “The Globalization of Private Knowledge Goods and the Privatization of Global Public Goods”, Journal of International Economic Law, 2004, vol. 7, pp. 279‒320.
Merton, R.K. “The Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Effect”, Social Forces, 1995, vol. 74, pp. 379‒424.
Pagano, U. “The Crisis of Intellectual Monopoly Capitalism”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2014, vol. 38, pp. 409‒1429.
Piketty, T. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2014, 816 pp.
Siegrist, H. “Intellectual Property Rights and the Dynamics of Propertization, Nationalization, and Globalization in Modern Cultures and Economies”, in: Siegrist. H. and Dimou, A. Expanding Intellectual Property. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2019, pp. 19‒47.
Simmel, G. Grundfragen der Soziologie. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1970.
Skidelsky, R. Keynes: The Return of the Master. Philadelphia PA: Perseus Books, 2010, 256 pp.
Stehr, N. Knowledge Societies. Second Enlarged Edition. Forthcoming.
Stehr, N. Informatsiya, znanie, vlast. St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2019. (In Russian)
Stiglitz, J. and Greenwald, B.C. Creating a Learning Society. A New Approach to Growth, Development, and Social Progress. New York: Columbia University Press, 2014, 680 pp.
Stiglitz, J.E. Globalisation and its Discontents. London: Allen Lane, 2002, 304 pp.
Stiglitz, J.E. “On Liberty, the Right To Tnow, and Public Discourse: The Role of Transparency in Public Life”, Oxford Amnesty Lecture, Oxford, January 27, 1999. Retrieved August 27, 2020. [http://www1.gsb.columbia.edu/mygsb/faculty/research/pubfiles/1475/Stiglitz_OnLiberty.pdf, accessed on: 01/06/2020]
Stiglitz, J.E.“Knowledge as a Global Public Good”, in: Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. and Stern, M.A. (eds.), Global Public Goods. International Co-operation in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 308‒325.
Stiglitz, J.E. “The Theory of International Public Goods and the Architecture of International Organizations”, United Nations Background Paper No. 7. New York: United Nations, 1995.
Storper, M.“Institutions of the Knowledge-based Economy,” in: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (ed.), Employment and Growth in the Knowledge-Based Economy. Paris: OECD, 1996, pp. 255‒283.
Valenza, R. “The Economies of Knowledge”, in: Valenza, R. Literature, Language, and the Rise of the Intellectual Disciplines in Britain, 1680‒1820. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 1‒36.
World Bank. World Development Report 1991. The Challenge of Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Опубликован
2021-01-22
Как цитировать
Штер Н. Знание как общественное благо и сознание как товар // Эпистемология и философия науки. 2021. Т. 57. № 4. С. 40-51.
Раздел
Panel Discussion
