Жизнь как процесс
Ключевые слова:
процесс, онтология, организм, метафизика науки, эволюция, наследование, персональная идентичность, свободная воля
Аннотация
Тезис автора состоит в том, что понимание жизни, отраженное в биологических и медицинских науках, а также в наших повседневных делах, было затруднено неуместной метафизикой. Метафизика, которая доминировала в западной философии и которая сейчас в значительной степени определяет понимание жизни и наук о жизни, видит мир как состоящий из вещей и их свойств. И хотя эти вещи, по-видимому, претерпевают всевозможные изменения, предполагается, что это всего лишь изменение пространственных отношений их неизменных частей. Однако с древности альтернативу этому подходу представляла онтология процесса, связанная с фрагментарно сохранившимися произведениями Гераклита. В прошлом же веке она нашла выражение в работах британского метафизика и логика А. Уайтхеда. С позиции онтологии процесса, то, что существует, представляет собой изменение, или процесс. То, что мы склонны считать постоянными вещами, на самом деле является лишь временной стабильностью в извечной череде изменений, вихрями в процессуальном потоке. Автор полагает, что метафизика этого последнего типа является единственно адекватной пониманию живого мира. После более подробного объяснения различий между этими онтологическими перспективами автор анализирует преимущества онтологии процесса применительно к категории организмов. В статье также рассматриваются некоторые дальнейшие следствия онтологии процесса для биологии и философии.
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Литература
Arnellos, A. “From Organizations of Processes to Organisms and Other Biological Individuals”, in: Nicholson, D.J. & Dupré, J.: Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 199‒221.
Bouchard, F. “Causal Processes, Fitness, and the Differential Persistence of Lineages”, Philosophy of Science, 2008, vol. 75(5), pp. 560‒570.
Darwin, C. The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits. New York: D. Appleton, 1881.
Dawkins, R. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976, 544 pp.
Devitt, M. “Resurrecting Biological Essentialism”, Philosophy of Science, 2008, vol. 75(3), pp. 344‒382.
Dupré, J. Human Nature and the Limits of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 201 pp.
Dupré, J. and O’Malley, M. “Varieties of Living Things: Life at the Intersection of Lineage and Metabolism”, Philosophy and Theory in Biology 1: e003. Reprinted in Dupré (2012), ch.12.
Dupré, J. Processes of Life: Essays in the Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 362 pp.
Dupré, J. “How Much of the Free Will Problem Does (the Right Kind of) Indeterminism Solve?”, Philosophical Inquiries, 2013, vol. 1(1), pp. 79‒92.
Dupré, J. “Animalism and the Persistence of Human Organisms”, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 2014, vol. 52, Spindel Supplement, September, pp. 6‒23.
Dupré, J. “The Metaphysics of Evolution”, Interface Focus. Published online, August 18, 2017. [http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/5/20160148\, accessed on 19.09.2019]
Dupré, J. and Bertolaso, M. “A Processual Perspective on Cancer”, in: Nicholson, D.J. and Dupré, J. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 321‒36.
Dupré, J. and Nicholson, D.J. “A Manifesto for a Processual Philosophy of Biology”, in: Nicholson, D.J. and Dupré, J. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 3‒48.
Ghiselin, M.T. “A Radical Solution to the Species Problem”, Systematic Biology, 1974, vol. 23(4), pp. 536‒544.
Gilbert, S.F., Sapp, J. and Tauber, A.I. “A Symbiotic View of Life: We Have Never Been Individuals”, Quarterly Review of Biology, 2012, vol. 87, pp. 325‒41.
Hull, D.L. “The Effect of Essentialism on Taxonomy--Two Thousand Years of Stasis (I)”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1965, vol. 15(60), pp. 314‒326.
Hull, D.L. “Are Species Really Individuals?”, Systematic Zoology, 976, vol. 25(2), pp. 174‒191.
Jablonka, E. and Lamb, M.J. Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life. Cambridge, MA.: MIT press, 2005, 480 pp.
Lang, B. F., Gray, M.W. and Burger, G. “Mitochondrial Genome Evolution and the Origin of Eukaryotes”, Annual Review of Genetics, 1999, vol. 33(1), pp. 351‒397.
Lewis, D.K. On the Plurality of Worlds. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986, 286 pp.
Locke, J.; P. H. Nidditch (ed.). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975 [1694].
Lowe, E.J. The Possibility of Metaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, 288 pp.
Margulis, L. and Fester, R. (eds.). Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
Margulis, L. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970, 349 pp.
Meincke, A.S. “The Disappearance of Change: Towards a Process Account of Persistence”, International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 2018, vol. 27(1), pp. 12‒30. DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2018.1548634.
Meincke, A.S. “ Persons as Biological Processes. A Bio-Processual Way-Out of the Personal Identity Dilemma”, in: Nicholson, D.J. and Dupré, J. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 357‒378.
Méthot, P.O. and Alizon, S. “What is a Pathogen? Toward a Process View of Host-Parasite Interactions”, Virulence, 2014, vol. 5(8), pp. 775‒785.
Moreno, A. and Mossio, M. Biological Autonomy: A Philosophical and Theoretical Enquiry. New York, NY: Springer, 2015, 221 pp.
Nicholson, D.J. and Dupré, J. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 416 pp.
Odling-Smee, F.J., Laland, K.N. and Feldman, M.W. Niche Construction: the Neglected Process in Evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003, 488 pp.
O'Neill, S.L., Hoffmann, A.A. and Werren, J.H. (eds.). Influential Passengers: Inherited Microorganisms and Arthropod Reproduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, 232 pp.
Rescher, N. Process Metaphysics: An Introduction to Process Philosophy. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1996, 224 pp.
Sider, T. Four-Dimensionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 288 pp.
Simons, P. Parts: A Study in Ontology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, 408 pp.
Simons, P. “Processes and Precipitates”, in: Nicholson, D.J. and Dupré, J. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 49‒60.
Van Borm, S., Wenseleers, T., Billen, J., & Boomsma, J. J. “Wolbachia in Leafcutter Ants: A Widespread Symbiont that may Induce Male Killing or Incompatible Matings”, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2001, vol. 14(5), pp. 805‒814.
Waddington, C.H. The Strategy of the Genes. London: Allen, 1957, 274 pp.
Whitehead, A.N. Adventures of Ideas. New York, NY: The Free Press, 1961 (1933), 320 pp.
Whitehead, A.N. and Sherburne, D.W. Process and Reality. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1957.
Wiggins, D. “Activity, Process, Continuant, Substance, Organism”, Philosophy, 2016, vol. 91(2), pp. 269‒280.
Woodger, J.H. Biological Principles. London, UK: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1929, xii+498 pp.
Bouchard, F. “Causal Processes, Fitness, and the Differential Persistence of Lineages”, Philosophy of Science, 2008, vol. 75(5), pp. 560‒570.
Darwin, C. The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits. New York: D. Appleton, 1881.
Dawkins, R. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976, 544 pp.
Devitt, M. “Resurrecting Biological Essentialism”, Philosophy of Science, 2008, vol. 75(3), pp. 344‒382.
Dupré, J. Human Nature and the Limits of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 201 pp.
Dupré, J. and O’Malley, M. “Varieties of Living Things: Life at the Intersection of Lineage and Metabolism”, Philosophy and Theory in Biology 1: e003. Reprinted in Dupré (2012), ch.12.
Dupré, J. Processes of Life: Essays in the Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, 362 pp.
Dupré, J. “How Much of the Free Will Problem Does (the Right Kind of) Indeterminism Solve?”, Philosophical Inquiries, 2013, vol. 1(1), pp. 79‒92.
Dupré, J. “Animalism and the Persistence of Human Organisms”, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 2014, vol. 52, Spindel Supplement, September, pp. 6‒23.
Dupré, J. “The Metaphysics of Evolution”, Interface Focus. Published online, August 18, 2017. [http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/5/20160148\, accessed on 19.09.2019]
Dupré, J. and Bertolaso, M. “A Processual Perspective on Cancer”, in: Nicholson, D.J. and Dupré, J. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 321‒36.
Dupré, J. and Nicholson, D.J. “A Manifesto for a Processual Philosophy of Biology”, in: Nicholson, D.J. and Dupré, J. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 3‒48.
Ghiselin, M.T. “A Radical Solution to the Species Problem”, Systematic Biology, 1974, vol. 23(4), pp. 536‒544.
Gilbert, S.F., Sapp, J. and Tauber, A.I. “A Symbiotic View of Life: We Have Never Been Individuals”, Quarterly Review of Biology, 2012, vol. 87, pp. 325‒41.
Hull, D.L. “The Effect of Essentialism on Taxonomy--Two Thousand Years of Stasis (I)”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1965, vol. 15(60), pp. 314‒326.
Hull, D.L. “Are Species Really Individuals?”, Systematic Zoology, 976, vol. 25(2), pp. 174‒191.
Jablonka, E. and Lamb, M.J. Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life. Cambridge, MA.: MIT press, 2005, 480 pp.
Lang, B. F., Gray, M.W. and Burger, G. “Mitochondrial Genome Evolution and the Origin of Eukaryotes”, Annual Review of Genetics, 1999, vol. 33(1), pp. 351‒397.
Lewis, D.K. On the Plurality of Worlds. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986, 286 pp.
Locke, J.; P. H. Nidditch (ed.). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975 [1694].
Lowe, E.J. The Possibility of Metaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, 288 pp.
Margulis, L. and Fester, R. (eds.). Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
Margulis, L. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970, 349 pp.
Meincke, A.S. “The Disappearance of Change: Towards a Process Account of Persistence”, International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 2018, vol. 27(1), pp. 12‒30. DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2018.1548634.
Meincke, A.S. “ Persons as Biological Processes. A Bio-Processual Way-Out of the Personal Identity Dilemma”, in: Nicholson, D.J. and Dupré, J. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 357‒378.
Méthot, P.O. and Alizon, S. “What is a Pathogen? Toward a Process View of Host-Parasite Interactions”, Virulence, 2014, vol. 5(8), pp. 775‒785.
Moreno, A. and Mossio, M. Biological Autonomy: A Philosophical and Theoretical Enquiry. New York, NY: Springer, 2015, 221 pp.
Nicholson, D.J. and Dupré, J. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 416 pp.
Odling-Smee, F.J., Laland, K.N. and Feldman, M.W. Niche Construction: the Neglected Process in Evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003, 488 pp.
O'Neill, S.L., Hoffmann, A.A. and Werren, J.H. (eds.). Influential Passengers: Inherited Microorganisms and Arthropod Reproduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, 232 pp.
Rescher, N. Process Metaphysics: An Introduction to Process Philosophy. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1996, 224 pp.
Sider, T. Four-Dimensionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 288 pp.
Simons, P. Parts: A Study in Ontology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, 408 pp.
Simons, P. “Processes and Precipitates”, in: Nicholson, D.J. and Dupré, J. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 49‒60.
Van Borm, S., Wenseleers, T., Billen, J., & Boomsma, J. J. “Wolbachia in Leafcutter Ants: A Widespread Symbiont that may Induce Male Killing or Incompatible Matings”, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2001, vol. 14(5), pp. 805‒814.
Waddington, C.H. The Strategy of the Genes. London: Allen, 1957, 274 pp.
Whitehead, A.N. Adventures of Ideas. New York, NY: The Free Press, 1961 (1933), 320 pp.
Whitehead, A.N. and Sherburne, D.W. Process and Reality. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1957.
Wiggins, D. “Activity, Process, Continuant, Substance, Organism”, Philosophy, 2016, vol. 91(2), pp. 269‒280.
Woodger, J.H. Biological Principles. London, UK: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1929, xii+498 pp.
Опубликован
2020-05-27
Как цитировать
Дюпре Д. Жизнь как процесс // Эпистемология и философия науки. 2020. Т. 57. № 2. С. 96-113.
Раздел
Vista
