Социальное научное знание о знании и информации
Аннотация
Знание не существует в виде отдельных изолированных частей. Знание существует в агрегированном коллективном состоянии. Я определяю знание как способность к социальному действию и как модель реальности, как возможность привести «что-то в движение» – например, решить задачу, произвести материальный объект (такой как полупроводниковый чип) или быть способным предотвратить что-либо (например, начало болезни). В этом смысле знание есть общечеловеческий феномен, или антропологическая константа. Этим определением термина «знание» мы обязаны знаменитому наблюдению Фрэнсиса Бэкона о том, что «знание – это сила» (несколько вводящий в заблуждение перевод латинской фразы Бэкона: scientia potentia est). Основное предположение должно заключаться в том, что знание не является практическим априори. Превращение знания как способности действовать в практическое знание требует благоприятных обстоятельств, таких как власть или авторитет, которые определяют конкретные условия действия. В этом контексте полезно задаться вопросом о все более заметной роли алгоритмов (интеллектуальных технологий) в отношении таких знаний, как программное обеспечение ChatGPT, а также о спорном вопросе об отношении/различии между знанием и информацией.
Скачивания
Литература
Acemoglu et al., 2020 – Acemoglu, D., Autor, D., Hazell, J., and Restrepo, P. “AI and
Jobs: Evidence from Online Vacancies,” National Bureau of Economic
Research Working Paper, 2020. doi: 10.3386/w28257 [https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28257/revisions/w28257.rev1.pdf, accessed on 10.04.2023]
Adolf and Stehr, 2017 – Adolf, M. and Stehr, N. Knowledge. Second Edition. London: Routledge, 2017.
Alearts, 2009 – Alearts, G.J. (2009), “Knowledge and Capacity Development KCD) as Tool for Institutional Strengthening and Change,” in: Alearts, G.J. and Dickinson, N. (eds.) Water for a Changing World. Developing Local Knowledge and Capacity. London: Routledge, 2009, pp. 5–26.
Bacon, 1960 [1620] – Bacon, F. Novum Organum. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1960.
Bajgar, Cricscuolo and Timmis, 2021 – Bajgar, M., Criscuolo, C. and Timmis, J. (2021), “Supersize Me: Intangibles and Industry Concentration,” Draft working paper. [https://www.aeaweb.org/conference/2020/preliminary/paper/iGtrhyEZ, accessed on 10.05.2023]
Barnes, 1988 – Barnes, B. The Nature of Power. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988.
Beer, 2017 – Beer, D.”The Social Power of Algorithms,” Information, Communication, 2017, no. 20, pp. 1–13.
Becker and Murphy, 1994 – Becker, G.S. and Murphy, K.M. “The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs, and Knowledge", in: G.S. Becker, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education (3rd Edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994, pp. 299–322.
Brynjolfsson, Rock and Syverson, 2019 – Brynjolfsson, E., Rock, D., and Syverson, C. “Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics,” in: Agrawal, A., Gans, J., and Goldfarb, A. (eds.) The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019, pp. 23–28.
Buckland, 2017 – Buckland, M. Information and Society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2017.
Burke, 2000 – Burke, P. A Social History of Knowledge. From Gutenberg to Diderot. Oxford: Polity Press, 2000.
Callaway, 2023 – Callaway, E. “How Generative AI is Building Better Antibodies”, Nature, 2023, vol. 617, p. 235.
Canetti, 1978 [1960] – Canetti, E. Crowds and Power. New York: Continuum, 1978.
Carley, 1986 – Carley, K. (1986), "An Approach for Relating Social Structure to Cognitive Structure", Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 1986, no. 12, pp. 137–189.
Dasgupta and David, 1994 – Dasgupta, P. and P.A. David. "Toward a New Economics of Science", Research Policy, 1994, no. 23, pp. 487–521.
Davenport and Miller, 2022 – Davenport, T.H. and S.M. Miller. Working with AI. Real Stories of Human-Machine Collaboration. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Pres, 2022.
Davis and Davis, 2019 – Davis, G. and Davis, E. Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust. New York: Ballantine, 2019.
Diamond, 2019 – Diamond, L. “The Threat of Postmodern Totalitarianism”, Journal of Democracy, 2019, vol. 30, iss. 1, pp. 20–24.
Drexl et al, 2019 – Drexl, J., Hilty, R.M., Beneke, F. et al. “Technical Aspects of Artificial Intelligence: An Understanding from an Intellectual Property Law Perspective”. München: Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper No. 19-13.
Drucker, 2003 [1989] – Drucker, P.F. The New Realities. With a New Preface by the Author. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2003.
Drucker, 1953 – Drucker, P.F. “The Employee Society,” American Journal of Sociology, 1953, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 358–363.
Faulkner, 1994 – Faulkner, W. “Conceptualizing Knowledge Used in Innovation: A Second Look at the Science-Technology Distinction and Industrial Innovation”, Science, Technology & Human Values, 1994, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 425–458.
Felt, 2017 – Felt, U. “Making Knowledge, People, and Societies”, in: Felt, I. Fouché, F., Miller, C.A. and L. Smith-Doerr (eds.) The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2017, pp. 253–256
Finn, 2019 – Finn, E. “The Black Box of the Present: Time in the Age of Algorithms,” Social Research, 2019, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 557–579.
Foucault, 1984 [1977] – Foucault, M. “Truth and Power,” in: Rabinow, P. (ed.), The Foucault Reader. An Introduction to Foucault's Thought, with Major New Unpublished Material. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984, pp. 51–75.
Fuller, 2019 – Fuller, S. “Against Academic Rentiership: A Radical Critique of the Knowledge Economy”, Postdigital Science and Education, 2019, no. 1, pp. 335–356
Girasa, 2022 – Girasa, R. Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology. Economic Transformation and Government Regulation. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2022.
Haskel, Westlake, 2018 – Haskel, J. and Westlake, S. Capitalism without Capital. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018.
Hayek, 1937 – Hayek, F. “Economics and knowledge”, Economica, 1937, no. 4, pp. 33-54.
Hayek, 2010 [1945] – Hayek, F. “The Subjective Character of the Data of the Social Sciences”, in: B. Caldwell (ed.). The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek. Vol. 13: Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010 pp. 88-98.
Hemsley, 1992 – Hemsley, L. “The Case for Opening Borders: A Hayekian Critique of Discretionary Immigration Controls”, in: P.J. Boettke, J.S. Lemke, and V.H. Storr (eds.) Exploring the Political Economy and Social Philosophy of F.A. Hayek. London: Rowman and Littlefield, 1992, pp. 103-126.
Hendrycks, 2023 – Hendrycks, D. "Natural Selection Favors AIs over Humans," arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.16200, 2023.
Hötte, Verendel and Bennett, 2023 – Hötte, Kerstin Taheya Tarannum, Vilhelm Verendel and L. Bennett. “AI Technological Trajectories in Patent Data: General Purpose Technology and Concentration of Actors”, INET Oxford Working Paper No. 2023-09.
Hopes, 2021 – Hopes, B. “Right for Robots,” Tulane Journal of Technology & Intellectual Property, 2021, vol. 23, pp. 119–135.
Jennings, 1996 – Jennings, M.K. “Political Knowledge Over Time and Across Generations,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 1996, vol. 60, pp. 228-252.
Kaplan, 2016 – Kaplan, J. Artificial Intelligence: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Kim and Heshmati, 2019 – Kim, Nam Seok and Almas Heshmati. "The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Democracy: Alternative Representations of Technological Change", Panel Data Econometrics. Academic Press, 2019, pp. 885–929.
Knorr-Cetina, 2010 – Knorr-Cetina, K. “The epistemics of information. A consumption model, “ Journal of Consumer Culture, 2010, vol. 10, pp. 171–201.
Korinek and Stiglitz, 2019 – Korinek, A. and J.E. Stiglitz.“Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment”, in: A. Agrawal, J. Gans and A. Goldfarb (eds.), The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019, pp. 3423–390.
Korinek and Stiglitz, 2021 – Korinek, A. and J.E. Stiglitz. “Artificial Intelligence, Globalization and Strategies for Economic Development,” NBER Working Paper Series 28453, 2021.
Korinek, Schindler and Stiglitz, 2022 – Korinek, A., M. Schindler and J.E. Stiglitz. “Technological Progress and Artificial Intelligence”, in: V. Cerra, B. Eichengreen, A. El-Ganainy and M. Schindler (eds.), How to Achieve Inclusive Growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022, pp. 163–211.
Krohn and Weyer, 1989 – Krohn, W. und J. Weyer. „Gesellschaft als Labor: Die Erzeugung sozialer Risiken durch experimentelle Forschung“, Soziale Welt, 1989, vol. 40, pp. 349−373.
Kurzweil, 2005 – Kurzweil, R. The Singularity is Near. London: Penguin Group, 2005.
Landgrebe and Smith, 2023 – Landgrebe, J. and B. Smith. Why Machines will never rule the World. Artificial Intelligence without Fear. London: Routledge, 2023.
Lee and Larsen, 2019 – Lee, F. and L.B. Larsen. “How Should We Theorize Algorithms? Five Ideal Types in Analyzing Algorithmic Normativities”, Big Data & Society, 2019, no. 6, pp. 1-6.
Lindblom, 1995 – Lindblom, C.E. “Market and Democracy – Obliquely,” PS: Political Science & Politics, 1995, vol. 28, pp. 684–688.
Luhmann, 1970 – Luhmann, N. "Soziologische Aufklärung", in: N. Luhmann. Soziologische Aufklärung. Aufsätze zur Theorie sozialer Systeme. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1970, pp. 66–92.
Lyotard, 1984 [1979] – Lyotard, J.-F. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
Matias, 2023 – Matias, J.N. “Humans and Algorithms Work Together – So Study Them Together,” Nature, 2023, vol. 617, pp. 248–251.
Madhusoodanan, 2020 – Madhusoodanan, J. "Is a Biased Algorithm Delaying Health Care for Black People?", Nature, 2020, vol. 588, pp. 564–547.
Marx, 1967 [1867] – Marx, K. Capital. Vol.1. New York: Penguin, 1967.
May, 2000 – May, C. A Global Political Economy of Intellectual Property Rights. The New Enclosures. London: Routledge, 2000.
Merton, 1973 [1942] – Merton, R.K. ([1942] 1973), “The Normative Structure of Science,” in: R.K. Merton. The Sociology of Science. Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973, pp. 267–278.
Miller, 2022 – Miller, C. Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. New York: Scribner, 2022.
Mitchell, 2009 – Mitchell, T. “Carbon Democracy,” Economy and Society, 2009, vol. 38, pp. 399–432.
Mokyr, 2002 – Mokyr, J. The Gifts of Athena. Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Morgan, 1993 – Morgan, P. Capacity Building: An Overview. Ottawa: Workshop on Capacity Development, Institute on Governance, November 22–23, 1993.
Nagel, 1986 – Nagel, T. The View from Nowhere. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
Nowotny, 2021 – Nowotny, H. In AI we Trust. Power, Illusion and Predictive Algorithms. Cambridge: Polity, 2021.
Ostrom and Ostrom, 2018 [1977] – Ostrom, V., and E.Ostrom. "Public Goods and Public Choices," in: E.S. Savas (ed.) Alternatives for Delivering Public Services. London: Routledge, 2018, pp. 7-49
Oyama, 2000 – Oyama, S. Evolution’s Eye. A Systems View of the Biology – Culture Divide. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2000.
Paras, 2006 – Paras, E. Foucault 2.0. Beyond Power and Knowledge. New York: Other Press, 2006.
Parsons, 1954 [1949] – Parsons, T. “The Role of Ideas in Social Action,” in: T. Parsons, Essays in Sociological Theory. New York: Free Press, 1954, pp. 19-33.
Pasquale, 2020 – Pasquale, F. New Laws of Robotics. Defending Human Expertise in an Age of AI. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2020.
Petralia, 2020 – Petralia, S. “Mapping General Purpose Technologies with Patent Data,”
Research Policy, 2020, vol. 49, pp. 104013.
Popper, 1972 [1957] – Popper, K.R. The Poverty of Historicism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972.
Poskett, 2022 – Poskett, J. Horizons. A Global History of Science. London: Penguin Books, 2022.
Renn, 2019 – Renn, O. Gefühlte Wahrheiten. Orientierung in Zeiten postfaktischer Verunsicherung. Opladen: Barbara Budrich, 2019.
Renn, 2020 – Renn, J. The Evolution of Knowledge. Rethinking Science for the Anthropocene. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2020.
Romer, 1990 – Romer, P.“Endogenous Technological Change,“ Journal of Political Economy, 1990, vol. 98, pp. 71–102.
Rorty, 1981 – Rorty, R. “Beyond Nietzsche and Marx,” London Review of Books, 1981, 3/3, 19 February.
Rosanvallon, 2013 [2011] – Rosanvallon, P. The Society of Equals. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2013.
Rothschild, 1971 – Rothschild, K.W. Power in Economics. London: Penguin, 1971.
Rouse, 1994 – Rouse, J.“Power/Knowledge,” in: G. Gutting (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Foucault. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 92–114.
Shannon, 1949 – Shannon, C. “Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems”, Bell System Technical Journal, 1949, vol. 28, pp. 656−715. [http://www3.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol28-1949/articles/bstj28-4-656.pdf, accessed on 19.05.2023] (originally 1948).
Sheikh, Prins and Schrijvers – Sheikh, H., Prins, C. and E. Schrijvers “Policy for Ai as a System Technology,” in: Mission AI. The New System Technology. Cham: Springer, 2023, pp. 333–375.
Simmel, 1989 [1890] – Simmel, G. „Über sociale Differenzierung,“ pp. 109-295 in Georg Simmel, Aufsätze 1987-1980. Über sociale Differenzierung. Die Probleme der Geschichtsphilosophie (1892). Gesamtausgabe 2. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1989.
Simmel, 1978 [1907] – Simmel, G. The Philosophy of Money. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978.
Simmel, 1968 [1919] – Simmel, G. The Conflict in Modern Culture and Other Essays. Translated, with an Introduction by K. Peter Etzkorn. New York: Teachers College Press, 1968.
Smith, 2022 – Smith, P.H. From Livid Experience to Written Word. Reconstructing Practical Knowledge in the Early Modern World. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 2022.
Smith, 2019 – Smith, B.C. The Promise of Artificial Intelligence. Reckoning and Judgment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2019.
Solow, 1987 – Solow, R.M. “We Better Watch Out,” New York Times Book Review, 1987, July12, 36.
Stehr, 1992 – Stehr, N. Practical Knowledge. London: Sage, 2022.
Stehr, 2000 – Stehr, N. “The Productivity Paradox: ICTs, Knowledge and the Labour Market”, in: J. de la Mothe & G. Paquet (eds.) Information, Innovation and Impacts. Boston: Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, pp. 255–272.
Stehr, 2003 – Stehr, N. Wissenspolitik. Die Überwachung des Wissens. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2003.
Stehr, 2006 – Stehr, N. Knowledge Politics: Governing the Consequences of Science and Technology. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Stehr, 2016 – Stehr, N. Information, Power, and Democracy. Liberty is a Daughter of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Stehr, 2021 – Stehr, N. “Practical Knowledge or the Virtues of John M. Keynes’ General Theory,” Sociologia, 2021, vol. 55, pp. 121–124.
Stehr, 2022 – Stehr, N. Knowledge Capitalism. New York: Routledge, 2022.
Stewart, 1997 – Stewart, T. Intellectual Capital. The New Wealth of Organizations. New York: Diane Publishing, 1997.
Stiglitz, 2000 – Stiglitz, J.E. “The Contributions of the Economics of Information to Twentieth Century Economics,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2000, vol. 115, pp. 1441–1478.
Stiglitz, 2017– Stiglitz, J.E. “The Revolution of Information Economics: The Past and the Present,” NBER Working Paper No. 23780, 2017.
Taylor, 2021 – Taylor, P. “Insanely complicated, hopelessly inadequate,” London Review of Books, 2021, vol. 43, no. 2.
Tichenor, Donohue and Olien, 1970 – Tichenor, P.J., G.A. Donohue, and C.N. Olien. "Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly, 1970, vol. 34, pp. 159–170.
Van Dis et al., 2023 – Van Dis, E. et al. “ChatGPT: Five Priorities for Research,” Nature, 2023, vol. 614, pp. 224–226.
Walters, 2020 – Walters, L. „Robots, Automation and Employment: Where We Are”, MIT Work on the Future Working Paper 05-2020. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Task Force of the Working Paper 05-2020.
Weber, 1968 [1921] – Weber, M. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, New York: Bedminster Press, 1968.
Weber, 1989[1922] – Weber, M. Science as a Vocation. Edited by P. Lassman und I. Velody. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989.
Whitehead, 1911 – Whitehead, A.N. Introduction to Mathematics. London: Williams
& Norgate, 1911. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41568/41568-pdf.pdf, accessed on 10.05.2023].
Willke, 2001 – Willke, H. „Die Krisis des Wissens“, Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 2001, vol. 26, pp. 3–26.
Wolf, 2023 – Wolf, M. The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism. London, Allen Lane, 2023.
Ziewitz, 2016 – Ziewitz, M. „Governing Algorithms: Myth, Mess, and Methods,” Science, Technology, & Human Values, 2016, vol. 41, pp. 3–16.
Zins, 2007 – Zins, C. „Conceptual Approaches for Defining Data, Information, and Knowledge,” Journal of the American Society for Information and Technology, 2007, vol. 58, pp. 479–493.
Zuboff, 2015 – Zuboff, S. “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization,” Journal of Information Technology, 2015, vol. 30, pp. 75–89.