СВОБОДА ВОЛИ, НАУКА И ПРИЧИНЫ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ
Ключевые слова:
знание, СВОБОДА ВОЛИ, детерминизм, причинность, моральная ответственность
Аннотация
Некоторые ученые и философы, основываясь на научных открытиях и эмпирических данных, утверждают, что свободы воли не существует. Есть авторы, которые отстаивают противоположное мнение. Оппонентов объединяет всеобщность рассуждений, и те и другие стремятся соотнести научное знание сразу со всей суммой людских поступков и тем самым обосновать существование свободы воли или её отсутствие. В статье предлагается сузить фокус вопроса до изучения степени свободы отдельных действий или некоторых классов действий. Для этого вводится эпистемический критерий. Согласно ему, признание действия несвободным требует знания причин действия, за которые агент не несет ответственности. Анализируются две группы случаев: те, где научное познание обнаруживает скрытые причины поведения и те, где причины остаются неизвестными. Показывается, что действия из второй группы до сих пор составляют существенную часть нашего поведения. Делается предположение, что объем знаний о независящих от людей причинах их действий, со временем будет увеличиваться, но эти знания никогда не будут всеобъемлющими.
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Литература
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Nettle, D., Harper, Z., Kidson, A., Stone, R., Penton-Voak, I. S., and Bateson, M. “The watching eyes effect in the Dictator Game: it’s not how much you give, it’s being seen to give something,” Evolution and Human Behavior, 2013, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 35–40.
Nichols, S. “Experimental Philosophy and the Problem of Free Will”, Science, 2011, vol. 331, no. 6023, pp. 1401-1403.
O’Connor, T. Persons and Causes: The Metaphysics of Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press USA, 2000. 160 pp.
Razeev, D.N. “Problema svobodi voli v kontekste issledovaniy neironauki” [The Problem of Free Will in the Context of Neuroscience Research], Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat I P Pavlova, 2017, vol. 67. no. 6. pp. 721–727. (In Russian).
Roskies, A.L. Can neuroscience resolve issues about free will? In W. Sinnot-Armstrong (ed.), Moral psyhology: Free will and moral responsibility, vol. 4. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014, pp. 103-126.
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Sarkissian, H., Chatterjee, A., De Brigard, F., Knobe, J., Nichols, S., Sirker, S. “Is Belief in Free Will a Cultural Universal?,” Mind and Language, 2010, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 346–358.
Sartorio, C. Causation and Free Will. Oxford University Press, 2016. 188 pp.
Sekatskaya, M.A. “Moralnaya otvetstvennost bez svobodi voli: Argument v polzu naturalistichesoy etiki” [Moral Responsibility without Free Will: An Argument for Naturalistic Ethics], Voprosy Filosofii, 2016, vol. 10, pp. 151–161. (In Russian).
Sekatskaya, M. A. “Svoboda voli i predskazuemost'. Filosofskij analiz sovremennyh issledovanij v nejronauke” [Free Will and Predictability. A Philosophical Analysis of the Current Research in Neuroscience]. Voprosy Filosofii, 2016, vol. 3, pp. 163–169. (In Russian)
Shields, G. S., “Neuroscience and Conscious Causation: Has Neuroscience Shown that We Cannot Control Our Own Actions?”, Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 2014, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 565–582.
Soon, C. S., Brass, M., Heinze, H.-J., Haynes, J.-D. “Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain,” Nature Neuroscience, 2008, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 543–545.
Walter S., “Willusionism, epiphenomenalism, and the feeling of conscious will”, Synthese, 2014, vol. 191, no. 10, pp. 2215–2238.
Wegner, D. M., The illusion of conscious will. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002. 405 pp.
Burns, J.M., Swerdlow, R.H. “Right orbitofrontal tumor with pedophilia symptom and constructional apraxia sign”, Archives of Neurology, 2003, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 437–440.
Cashmore, A. R. “The Lucretian swerve: The biological basis of human behavior and the criminal justice system,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010, vol. 107, no. 10, pp. 4499–4504.
Chisholm, R. M. Person and Object: A Metaphysical Study. La Salle: Open Court, 1976. 230 pp.
Dennett, D. C. Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984. 248 pp.
Dennett, D. C. Freedom Evolves. New York: Viking Press, 2003. 368 pp.
Ginet, C. “An Action Can be Both Uncaused and Up to the Agent”, in Lumer, C., Nannini, S. (eds.). Intentionality, Deliberation, and Autonomy. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. pp. 243–255.
Haggard, P., Magno, E. “Localising awareness of action with transcranial magnetic stimulation,” Experimental Brain Research, 1999, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 102–107.
Haley, K. J., Fessler, D. M. T., “Nobody’s watching?,” Evolution and Human Behavior, 2005, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 245–256.
Harris, S. Svoboda voli [Free Will]. Moscow: Alpina Publ., 2015. 115 pp. (In Russian).
Libet, B. “Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1985, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 529–539.
McCann, H. J., The Works of Agency: On Human Action, Will, and Freedom. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998. 272 pp.
Mele, A. R., Effective Intentions: The Power of Conscious Will. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. 208 pp.
Mishura, A. S., “Nauka o svobode voli: filosofiya i / ili neiropsihologiya” [Science on Freedom of Will: Philosophy and / or Neuropsychology], Mysl’: Zhurnal Peterburgskogo filosofskogo obshhestva, 2016, vol. 21, pp. 170–178 (In Russian).
Monroe, A. E., Malle, B. F. “From Uncaused Will to Conscious Choice: The Need to Study, Not Speculate About People’s Folk Concept of Free Will”, Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 2010, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 211–224.
Montague, P. R. “Free will”, Current Biology, 2008, vol. 18, no. 14, pp. R584–R585.
Nahmias, E., Morris, S. G., Nadelhoffer, T., Turner, J., “Surveying Freedom: Folk Intuitions about free will and moral responsibility,” Philosophical Psychology, 2005, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 561–584.
Nettle, D., Harper, Z., Kidson, A., Stone, R., Penton-Voak, I. S., and Bateson, M. “The watching eyes effect in the Dictator Game: it’s not how much you give, it’s being seen to give something,” Evolution and Human Behavior, 2013, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 35–40.
Nichols, S. “Experimental Philosophy and the Problem of Free Will”, Science, 2011, vol. 331, no. 6023, pp. 1401-1403.
O’Connor, T. Persons and Causes: The Metaphysics of Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press USA, 2000. 160 pp.
Razeev, D.N. “Problema svobodi voli v kontekste issledovaniy neironauki” [The Problem of Free Will in the Context of Neuroscience Research], Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat I P Pavlova, 2017, vol. 67. no. 6. pp. 721–727. (In Russian).
Roskies, A.L. Can neuroscience resolve issues about free will? In W. Sinnot-Armstrong (ed.), Moral psyhology: Free will and moral responsibility, vol. 4. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014, pp. 103-126.
Roskies, A. L. “Neuroscientific challenges to free will and responsibility”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2006, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 419–423.
Sarkissian, H., Chatterjee, A., De Brigard, F., Knobe, J., Nichols, S., Sirker, S. “Is Belief in Free Will a Cultural Universal?,” Mind and Language, 2010, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 346–358.
Sartorio, C. Causation and Free Will. Oxford University Press, 2016. 188 pp.
Sekatskaya, M.A. “Moralnaya otvetstvennost bez svobodi voli: Argument v polzu naturalistichesoy etiki” [Moral Responsibility without Free Will: An Argument for Naturalistic Ethics], Voprosy Filosofii, 2016, vol. 10, pp. 151–161. (In Russian).
Sekatskaya, M. A. “Svoboda voli i predskazuemost'. Filosofskij analiz sovremennyh issledovanij v nejronauke” [Free Will and Predictability. A Philosophical Analysis of the Current Research in Neuroscience]. Voprosy Filosofii, 2016, vol. 3, pp. 163–169. (In Russian)
Shields, G. S., “Neuroscience and Conscious Causation: Has Neuroscience Shown that We Cannot Control Our Own Actions?”, Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 2014, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 565–582.
Soon, C. S., Brass, M., Heinze, H.-J., Haynes, J.-D. “Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain,” Nature Neuroscience, 2008, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 543–545.
Walter S., “Willusionism, epiphenomenalism, and the feeling of conscious will”, Synthese, 2014, vol. 191, no. 10, pp. 2215–2238.
Wegner, D. M., The illusion of conscious will. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002. 405 pp.
Опубликован
2018-12-13
Как цитировать
Левин С. М. СВОБОДА ВОЛИ, НАУКА И ПРИЧИНЫ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ // Эпистемология и философия науки. 2018. Т. 55. № 2. С. 153-164.
Раздел
Case studies - Science Studies
